Object.prototype.__proto__

Deprecated
This feature is no longer recommended. Though some browsers might still support it, it may have already been removed from the relevant web standards, may be in the process of being dropped, or may only be kept for compatibility purposes. Avoid using it, and update existing code if possible; see the compatibility table at the bottom of this page to guide your decision. Be aware that this feature may cease to work at any time.

Warning: Changing the [[Prototype]] of an object is, by the nature of how modern JavaScript engines optimize property accesses, a very slow operation, in every browser and JavaScript engine. The effects on the performance of altering inheritance are subtle and far-flung, and are not limited to simply the time spent in obj.__proto__ = ... statements, but may extend to any code that has access to any object whose [[Prototype]] has been altered. If you care about performance you should avoid setting the [[Prototype]] of an object. Instead, create a new object with the desired [[Prototype]] using Object.create().

Warning: While Object.prototype.__proto__ is supported today in most browsers, its existence and exact behavior has only been standardized in the ECMAScript 2015 specification as a legacy feature to ensure compatibility for web browsers. For better support, use Object.getPrototypeOf() instead.

The __proto__ property of Object.prototype is an accessor property (a getter function and a setter function) that exposes the internal [[Prototype]] (either an object or null) of the object through which it is accessed.

The use of __proto__ is controversial and discouraged. It was never originally included in the ECMAScript language spec, but modern browsers implemented it anyway. Only recently was the __proto__ property standardized by the ECMAScript 2015 specification for compatibility with web browsers, so it will be supported into the future. It is deprecated in favor of Object.getPrototypeOf/Reflect.getPrototypeOf and Object.setPrototypeOf/Reflect.setPrototypeOf (though still, setting the [[Prototype]] of an object is a slow operation that should be avoided if performance is a concern).

The __proto__ property can also be used in an object literal definition to set the object [[Prototype]] on creation, as an alternative to Object.create(). See: object initializer / literal syntax.

Description

The __proto__ getter function exposes the value of the internal [[Prototype]] of an object. For objects created using an object literal, this value is Object.prototype. For objects created using array literals, this value is Array.prototype. For functions, this value is Function.prototype. For objects created using new fun, where fun is one of the built-in constructor functions provided by JavaScript (Array, Boolean, Date, Number, Object, String, and so on — including new constructors added as JavaScript evolves), this value is always fun.prototype. For objects created using new fun, where fun is a function defined in a script, this value is the value of fun.prototype. (That is, if the constructor didn't return an other object explicitly, or the fun.prototype has been reassigned since the instance was created.)

The __proto__ setter allows the [[Prototype]] of an object to be mutated. The object must be extensible according to Object.isExtensible(): if it is not, a TypeError is thrown. The value provided must be an object or null. Providing any other value will do nothing.

To understand how prototypes are used for inheritance, see guide article Inheritance and the prototype chain.

The __proto__ property is a simple accessor property on Object.prototype consisting of a getter and setter function. A property access for __proto__ that eventually consults Object.prototype will find this property, but an access that does not consult Object.prototype will not. If some other __proto__ property is found before Object.prototype is consulted, that property will hide the one found on Object.prototype.

Examples

Using __proto__

var Circle = function () {};
var shape = {};
var circle = new Circle();

// Set the object prototype.
// DEPRECATED. This is for example purposes only. DO NOT DO THIS in real code.
shape.__proto__ = circle;

// Get the object prototype
console.log(shape.__proto__ === circle); // true

var shape = function () {};
var p = {
    a: function () {
        console.log('aaa');
    }
};
shape.prototype.__proto__ = p;

var circle = new shape();
circle.a(); // aaa
console.log(shape.prototype === circle.__proto__); // true

// or
var shape = function () {};
var p = {
    a: function () {
        console.log('a');
    }
};

var circle = new shape();
circle.__proto__ = p;
circle.a(); // a
console.log(shape.prototype === circle.__proto__); // false

// or
function test() {};
test.prototype.myname = function () {
    console.log('myname');
};

var a = new test();
console.log(a.__proto__ === test.prototype); // true
a.myname(); // myname


// or
var fn = function () {};
fn.prototype.myname = function () {
    console.log('myname');
};

var obj = {
    __proto__: fn.prototype
};

obj.myname(); // myname

Specifications

Specification
ECMAScript (ECMA-262)
The definition of 'Object.prototype.__proto__' in that specification.

Browser compatibility

DesktopMobileServer
ChromeEdgeFirefoxInternet ExplorerOperaSafariAndroid webviewChrome for AndroidFirefox for AndroidOpera for AndroidSafari on iOSSamsung InternetNode.js
__proto__
Deprecated
Chrome Full support 1Edge Full support 12Firefox Full support 1IE Full support 11Opera Full support 10.5Safari Full support 3WebView Android Full support 1Chrome Android Full support 18Firefox Android Full support 4Opera Android Full support 11Safari iOS Full support 1Samsung Internet Android Full support 1.0nodejs Full support Yes

Legend

Full support
Full support
Deprecated. Not for use in new websites.
Deprecated. Not for use in new websites.

See also