Spread syntax (...
) allows an iterable such as an array expression or string to be expanded in places where zero or more arguments (for function calls) or elements (for array literals) are expected, or an object expression to be expanded in places where zero or more key-value pairs (for object literals) are expected.
Syntax
For function calls:
myFunction(...iterableObj);
For array literals or strings:
[...iterableObj, '4', 'five', 6];
For object literals (new in ECMAScript 2018):
let objClone = { ...obj };
Rest syntax (parameters)
Rest syntax looks exactly like spread syntax. In a way, rest syntax is the opposite of spread syntax. Spread syntax "expands" an array into its elements, while rest syntax collects multiple elements and "condenses" them into a single element. See rest parameters.
Examples
Spread in function calls
Replace apply()
It is common to use Function.prototype.apply()
in cases where you want to use the elements of an array as arguments to a function.
function myFunction(x, y, z) { } const args = [0, 1, 2]; myFunction.apply(null, args);
With spread syntax the above can be written as:
function myFunction(x, y, z) { } const args = [0, 1, 2]; myFunction(...args);
Any argument in the argument list can use spread syntax, and the spread syntax can be used multiple times.
function myFunction(v, w, x, y, z) { } const args = [0, 1]; myFunction(-1, ...args, 2, ...[3]);
Apply for new operator
When calling a constructor with new
it's not possible to directly use an array and apply()
(apply()
does a [[Call]]
and not a [[Construct]]
). However, an array can be easily used with new
thanks to spread syntax:
const dateFields = [1970, 0, 1]; // 1 Jan 1970 const d = new Date(...dateFields);
To use new
with an array of parameters without spread syntax, you would have to do it indirectly through partial application:
function applyAndNew(constructor, args) { function partial () { return constructor.apply(this, args); }; if (typeof constructor.prototype === "object") { partial.prototype = Object.create(constructor.prototype); } return partial; } function myConstructor () { console.log("arguments.length: " + arguments.length); console.log(arguments); this.prop1="val1"; this.prop2="val2"; }; const myArguments = ["hi", "how", "are", "you", "mr", null]; const myConstructorWithArguments = applyAndNew(myConstructor, myArguments); console.log(new myConstructorWithArguments); // (internal log of myConstructor): arguments.length: 6 // (internal log of myConstructor): ["hi", "how", "are", "you", "mr", null] // (log of "new myConstructorWithArguments"): {prop1: "val1", prop2: "val2"}
Spread in array literals
A more powerful array literal
Without spread syntax, to create a new array using an existing array as one part of it, the array literal syntax is no longer sufficient and imperative code must be used instead using a combination of push()
, splice()
, concat()
, etc. With spread syntax this becomes much more succinct:
const parts = ['shoulders', 'knees']; const lyrics = ['head', ...parts, 'and', 'toes']; // ["head", "shoulders", "knees", "and", "toes"]
Just like spread for argument lists, ...
can be used anywhere in the array literal, and may be used more than once.
Copy an array
const arr = [1, 2, 3]; const arr2 = [...arr]; // like arr.slice() arr2.push(4); // arr2 becomes [1, 2, 3, 4] // arr remains unaffected
Note: Spread syntax effectively goes one level deep while copying an array. Therefore, it may be unsuitable for copying multidimensional arrays, as the following example shows. (The same is true with Object.assign()
and spread syntax.)
const a = [[1], [2], [3]]; const b = [...a]; b.shift().shift(); // 1 // Oh no! Now array 'a' is affected as well: a // [[], [2], [3]]
A better way to concatenate arrays
Array.prototype.concat()
is often used to concatenate an array to the end of an existing array. Without spread syntax, this is done as:
const arr1 = [0, 1, 2]; const arr2 = [3, 4, 5]; // Append all items from arr2 onto arr1 arr1 = arr1.concat(arr2);
With spread syntax this becomes:
let arr1 = [0, 1, 2]; let arr2 = [3, 4, 5]; arr1 = [...arr1, ...arr2]; // arr1 is now [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] // Note: Not to use const otherwise, it will give TypeError (invalid assignment)
Array.prototype.unshift()
is often used to insert an array of values at the start of an existing array. Without spread syntax, this is done as:
const arr1 = [0, 1, 2]; const arr2 = [3, 4, 5]; // Prepend all items from arr2 onto arr1 Array.prototype.unshift.apply(arr1, arr2) // arr1 is now [3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2]
With spread syntax, this becomes:
let arr1 = [0, 1, 2]; let arr2 = [3, 4, 5]; arr1 = [...arr2, ...arr1]; // arr1 is now [3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2]
Note: Unlike unshift()
, this creates a new arr1
, and does not modify the original arr1
array in-place.
Spread in object literals
The Rest/Spread Properties for ECMAScript proposal (ES2018) added spread properties to object literals
. It copies own enumerable properties from a provided object onto a new object.
Shallow-cloning (excluding prototype) or merging of objects is now possible using a shorter syntax than Object.assign()
.
const obj1 = { foo: 'bar', x: 42 }; const obj2 = { foo: 'baz', y: 13 }; const clonedObj = { ...obj1 }; // Object { foo: "bar", x: 42 } const mergedObj = { ...obj1, ...obj2 }; // Object { foo: "baz", x: 42, y: 13 }
Note that Object.assign()
triggers setters
, whereas spread syntax doesn't.
Note that you cannot replace or mimic the Object.assign()
function:
let obj1 = { foo: 'bar', x: 42 }; let obj2 = { foo: 'baz', y: 13 }; const merge = ( ...objects ) => ( { ...objects } ); let mergedObj1 = merge (obj1, obj2); // Object { 0: { foo: 'bar', x: 42 }, 1: { foo: 'baz', y: 13 } } let mergedObj2 = merge ({}, obj1, obj2); // Object { 0: {}, 1: { foo: 'bar', x: 42 }, 2: { foo: 'baz', y: 13 } }
In the above example, the spread syntax does not work as one might expect: it spreads an array of arguments into the object literal, due to the rest parameter.
Only for iterables
Objects themselves are not iterable, but they become iterable when used in an Array, or with iterating functions such as map()
, reduce()
, and assign()
. When merging 2 objects together with the spread operator, it is assumed another iterating function is used when the merging occurs.
Spread syntax (other than in the case of spread properties) can be applied only to iterable objects:
const obj = {'key1': 'value1'}; const array = [...obj]; // TypeError: obj is not iterable
Spread with many values
When using spread syntax for function calls, be aware of the possibility of exceeding the JavaScript engine's argument length limit. See apply()
for more details.
Specifications
Specification |
---|
ECMAScript (ECMA-262) The definition of 'Array initializer' in that specification. |
ECMAScript (ECMA-262) The definition of 'Object initializer' in that specification. |
Browser compatibility
Desktop | Mobile | Server | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spread in array literals | Chrome Full support 46 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 16 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 37 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 46 | Chrome Android Full support 46 | Firefox Android Full support 16 | Opera Android Full support 37 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 5.0 | nodejs
Full support
5.0.0
|
Spread in function calls | Chrome Full support 46 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 27 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 37 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 46 | Chrome Android Full support 46 | Firefox Android Full support 27 | Opera Android Full support 37 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 5.0 | nodejs
Full support
5.0.0
|
Spread in destructuring | Chrome Full support 49 | Edge Full support 79 | Firefox Full support 34 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 37 | Safari Full support 10 | WebView Android Full support 49 | Chrome Android Full support 49 | Firefox Android Full support 34 | Opera Android Full support 37 | Safari iOS Full support 10 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 5.0 | nodejs Full support 6.0.0 |
Spread in object literals | Chrome Full support 60 | Edge Full support 79 | Firefox Full support 55 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 47 | Safari Full support 11.1 | WebView Android Full support 60 | Chrome Android Full support 60 | Firefox Android Full support 55 | Opera Android Full support 44 | Safari iOS Full support 11.3 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 8.2 | nodejs
Full support
8.3.0
|
Legend
- Full support
- Full support
- No support
- No support
- Experimental. Expect behavior to change in the future.
- Experimental. Expect behavior to change in the future.
- User must explicitly enable this feature.
- User must explicitly enable this feature.
See also
- Rest parameters (also ‘
...
’) Function.prototype.apply()
(also ‘...
’)