<u>: The Unarticulated Annotation (Underline) element

The HTML Unarticulated Annotation element (<u>) represents a span of inline text which should be rendered in a way that indicates that it has a non-textual annotation. This is rendered by default as a simple solid underline, but may be altered using CSS.

The source for this interactive example is stored in a GitHub repository. If you'd like to contribute to the interactive examples project, please clone https://github.com/mdn/interactive-examples and send us a pull request.

See the Usage notes section for further details on when it's appropriate to use <u> and when it isn't.

Attributes

This element only includes the global attributes.

Usage notes

Along with other pure styling elements, the original HTML Underline (<u>) element was deprecated in HTML 4; however, <u> was restored in HTML 5 with a new, semantic, meaning: to mark text as having some form of non-textual annotation applied.

Use cases

Valid use cases for the <u> element include annotating spelling errors, applying a proper name mark to denote proper names in Chinese text, and other forms of annotation.

You should not use <u> to simply underline text for presentation purposes, or to denote titles of books.

Other elements to consider using

In most cases, you should use an element other than <u>, such as:

• <em> to denote stress emphasis
• <b> to draw attention to text
• <mark> to mark key words or phrases
• <strong> to indicate that text has strong importance
• <cite> to mark the titles of books or other publications
• <i> to denote technical terms, transliterations, thoughts, or names of vessels in Western texts

To provide textual annotations (as opposed to the non-textual annotations created with <u>), use the <ruby> element.

To apply an underlined appearance without any semantic meaning, use the text-decoration property's value underline.

Examples

Indicating a spelling error

This example uses the <u> element and some CSS to display a paragraph which includes a misspelled error, with the error indicated in the red wavy underline style which is fairly commonly used for this purpose.

HTML

<p>This paragraph includes a <u class="spelling">wrnogly</u>
spelled word.</p>

In the HTML, we see the use of <u> with a class, spelling, which is used to indicate the misspelling of the word "wrongly".

CSS

u.spelling {
  text-decoration: red wavy underline;
}

This CSS indicates that when the <u> element is styled with the class spelling, it should have a red wavy underline underneath its text. This is a common styling for spelling errors. Another common style can be presented using red dashed underline.

Result

The result should be familiar to anyone who has used any of the more popular word processors available today.

Avoiding <u>

Most of the time, you actually don't want to use <u>. Here are some examples that show what you should do instead in several cases.

Non-semantic underlines

To underline text without implying any semantic meaning, use a <span> element with the text-decoration property set to "underline", as shown below.

HTML

<span class="underline">Today's Special</span>
<br>
Chicken Noodle Soup With Carrots

CSS

.underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

Result

Presenting a book title

<p>The class read <cite>Moby Dick</cite> in the first term.</p>

Note that the default styling for the <cite> element renders the text in italics. You can, if you wish, override that using CSS:

cite {
  font-style: normal;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

Result with custom style

Specifications

Browser compatibility

See also

• The <span>, <i>, <em>, <b>, and <cite> elements should usuallly be used instead.
• The CSS text-decoration property should be used for non-semantic underlining.